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When people delve into criminology, they might initially be surprised by how extensive this field is. Everybody involved with the scientific study of crime, the relational dynamics between the criminal and their environment, and society's response to crime would have some kind of place under the broad umbrella of Criminology. Sometimes, criminologists are researchers who are trying to discover the common links between criminal behavior and the environment, so they can pinpoint what it is that motivates or perpetuates crime. There are presently several different theories that try to explain, through the process of science, what it is that causes criminal activity to take place. Many of the theories emerged in earnest in the middle of the 1800's. During the following two hundred or so years, different theories began to spring up and gradually they began to involve hormonal activity, genetics and biological composition. Previously, criminology theories relied mostly on society and its effect on the individual to either steer an individual into crime or away from it. What is criminology, if not to fight criminal activity?

There are three distinct schools of thought concerning criminology. One of the first groups, the Classical school, holds that utilitarian philosophy is the foundational notion of criminology. They argue that individuals have their own will and can decide for themselves what is wrong and what is right. The selfish, or self-indulgent, side of the struggle has to be offset against the individual's rational and logic. When the selfish side prevails, crime may be the result. Rational is that part of the individual that might consider the penalty for committing the crime and, if that penalty is harsh enough, is believed to be that part of the individual that would stop them from committing the crime by considering the costs. Positivists tend to believe that the elements that strengthen the criminal's tendency to go against the law are not within their own control. Instead, factors such as society, or the person's genetics are responsible.

Environmental factors are said to be beyond the control of the individual, but are still elements that may play what Positivists assert as the greatest part in the cause, when a criminal has carried out a crime. In the Chicago school of thinking, people consider that criminals are a result of the disordered environments from which they come. Some time later, this definition was expanded to include the belief that older generations taught newer generations about criminal activity. It is usually said that this group believe that crime is a social occurrence only when the social makeup of the area is damaged and unbalanced.

Crime is often treated as a blemish according to our civilization. It causes people to be anxious when they just want to live quietly. Criminologists are, in a particular way, attempting to discover what causes a crime, or promotes that kind of behavior in a person in order to reduce the amount of crime.

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